mattebioreview

 

Cells

Page history last edited by ellenberger_matt@... 1 yr ago
  •  Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic
    •     Prokaryotic: Dont have a nucleus. No membrane bound organelles. 1-10mm. bacteria cell.
    •     Eurkaryotic: have a nucleus. membrane bound organelles. 2-1000 mm. animal cell

 

  • Cell parts
    •  Cell Membrane: seperates and protects a cell from its surroundings.
    •  Nucleus: manages or controls cellular functions.
    •  Cytoplasm: clear, gelatinous fluid inside cell between nucleus and membrane.
    •  Ribosomes: specialized organelles that make proteins.
    •  Organelles: small, specialized structures that carry out specific functions for a cell.
  • Organelles
    •  Endoplasmic Reticulum: site of chemical reactions. ribosomes attach to ER for a site of protein synthesis.
    •  Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis. rough vs smooth ER.
    •  Golgi Apparatus: sorts and packages proteins from ER. Packages are called vesicles.
    •  Vacuoles: membrane bound compartments for storage. Plants usually have one large vacuole.
    •  Lysomes: vesicles that contain digestive enzymes. clean up defective cells or organelles.
  • Plasma Membrane includes:
    • double phospholipid layers
      • a. polar head
      • b. nonpolar tail; they are fatty acids that repelle water.
    • cholesterol prevents fatty acids from sticking together
  • Active vs Passive transport :
    • Passive transport:requires no energy for movement
    • Diffusion: movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lesser concentration.
      • factors that affect the rate of diffusion: concentration, temperature, and pressure
    •  Osmosis:movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane.
    • Facilitated Diffusion: movement of molecules across a membrane with an aid of a transport protein, involves larger molecules like sugar and amino acids .
    • Active transport:movement of materials through a membrane against a concentration gradient. REQUIRES ENERGY.
      •  Carrier Molecules: have sites that bind to specific molecules to allow them to move against gradient.
    • Bulk transport:
      • endocytosis- take into cell..Phago- solids, Pino-liquids.
      •  exocytosis- expulsion out of cell..wastes,hormones
  • Osmosis:
    • type of passive transport. allows watermolecule to diffuse through a cells membrane. When substances dissolve in water they are no longer able to move. free molecules lower concentration. Directions of osmosis:
      • a. isotonic (same): water diffuses in and out at equal rate
      • b. hypotonic (under): water diffuses into the cell, cell swells
      • c. hypertonic (over): water diffuses out of cell, cell shrinks
  • Adenosine triphosphte (ATP) 
    • stored potential energy
    • energy is stored in chemical bonds of ATP
  • Photosynthesis
  • Stages:

 

  1. Energy is captured from sunlight (light-dependent reaction)
  2. Conversion of light energy to chemical energy
  3. Creation of sugar molecules sometimes called calvin cycle 

 

    • Equation: 6CO + 6H2O---C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 (oxygen)
  • Cellular Resperation
  • Stages
  1. Glycolysis
    1. breakdown of glucose (6C) to pyruvate 2(3C)
    2. anaerobic reaction
  2. Citric Acid Cycle and Electron Transport Chain
    1. sometimes called the Kreb’s Cycle
    2. aerobic reaction
    3. most ATP created in this process

 

    • Equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2--- 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
  • Fermentation – anaerobic process
    • lactic acid fermentation
      • converts pyruvate to lactate in absence of oxygen
      • build up of lactate causes muscle fatigue, soreness
    • alcoholic fermentation
      • carbon dioxide released and electron transfer leads to production of ethanol
  • Chromosomes
  • Prokaryotic Cell Reproduction
    • Many prokaryotic cells reproduce asexually by binary fission.
    • Prokaryotic cells copy their genetic information and then divides
    • Cell division is necessary for all cells in order to maintain homeostasis of a cell
  • Eukaryotic Cell Reproduction
    • Genes are segments of genetic material that codes for proteins.
    • Most of the genes found in an organism are stored in chromosomes.  Chromosomes are coiled stands of genes wrapped around protein molecules.
  • Cell Cycle

 

  • Meiosis – form of cell division that halves the number of chromosomes when forming special reproductive cells called gametes.
  • Mitosis- divides cell but continues to have the same number of chromosomes

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