mattebioreview

 

Ecology

Page history last edited by ellenberger_matt@... 1 yr ago
  • Orginzation of Ecology:
    • biosphere: the world in which we live in
    • biomes: regions made up of whole continents and characterized by the plants and animals that live there.
    • ecosystems: self supporting unit of interacting organisms.
    • community: a group of organisms that coexist
    • population: single group of species
    • habitat: where species live
    • niche: way of live that the species pursues in their habitat
    • organism: a living thing made up of several organs
  • Biome recognition:
    • Tundra
    • Taiga
    • Temperate decidious forests
    • Temperate grasslands
    • Deserts
    • Savannas
    • Tropical rainforest
  • Biogeochemical cycles:
    • Water:
      • Evaporation 
      • condensation
      • precipitation
      • transpiration
      • perlocation
      • runoff
      • ground water
         
    • Carbon:
      • cellular respiration
      • combustion
      • death and decomposition
      • photosynthesis
      • CO2 in atmosphere
      • fossil fuels
    • Nitrogen:
      • assimliation
      • ammonfication
      • dentrification
      • nitrification
      • nitrogen fixation
  • Primary succession: a habitat lacking in preexsting life.
  • Pioneer succession, first species to inhabit an area where primary succesion occurs.
  • Secondary succession: preexisting community whose succession has been retarded by stress and is allowed to develop further.
  • Trophic Levels:
    • Producers: autotrophs usually plants and algae
    • Consumers: eat other organisms
    • herbivore: eats producers
    • carnivores: eat other heterotrophs
    • omnivore: eats both producers and consumers
    • detritvore: eats waste and dead bodies
    • decomposers: break down dead organisms and recycle their nutrients back into the enviorment
  • Food Webs: a group of interrelated foodchains in a ecosystem.
  • Symbotic relationships:
    • Mutalism: relationship between two organisms who live closely together and benefit from eachother ex: ants and aphids
    • Commensalism: relations in which one organisms benefits from another and neither are harmed ex: clown fish and anemoene NEMO!
    • Parasitism: relationship in which one organisms benefits from another at the expense of another organism ex: heartworm and dogs
    • Competition: when organisms uses sources at the same time
    • interspecific: between different organisms
  • Population Growth Curves: 
    •     Growth rate: how fast a population increases
    •     natality: organisms born in a population
    •     mortality: organisms that die in the population
    •     immagration: organisms entering the population
    •     emigration: organisms leaving the population
    •     carrying capacity: when enviornment reaches limit and is stablized.
  • Population Dispersions: a way in which organisms are arranged in a given area
    • even or uniform: population is evenly spaced
    • clumped: populations are grouped together based on uneven distribution of resources
    • random: populations are spaced by chance and dont interact with eachother
r strategist                                                                                                    vs.                                                                                K strategists
Growth pattern:                                                                exponential                                                                                                                                                                                           slow
Population style:                                                            temporary large                                                                                                                                                                                   small
Enviornment:                                                                      unpredicatable                                                                                                                                                                                stable
Reproductive
strategy:                                                                 early in live when conditions are favorable                                                                                                                          later in life under most conditions
Offspring
characteristics:                                                      many in numbers, small in size, mature rapidly                                                                                                  few in numbers, large in size, mature slowly
Parental care:                                                                    little or none                                                                                                                                                                                 much
Examples:                                                                dandelions, mice, cockroaches                                                                                                                                            coconut palms, whooping cranes, whales
  • Ecological Pyramids:
    • Energy pyramid: each level represents the amount of energy that is available to trophic level
    • Biomass pyramid: each level represent the biomass consumed by the level above it
    • Numbers pyramid: each level represents the number of individuals consumed by the level above it

 

  • Renewable resources: oxygen, fresh water, timber, and biomass. reused at the same rate of its consumptions by people or other users.
  • Non-Renewable resources: cant be remade, regrown, or regenerated because of rate of consumption ex: fossil fuels such as natural gas, petroleum. also nuclear power.

 

  • Extinction: is the result of organisms that are not able to reproduce in the environment. three reasons for it loss of natural resources, pollution, and biological magnification: large amounts of toxic material within each successive level trophic level 
  • Conservation – planned management of an area to prevent exploitation and destruction
  • Preservation – the act of keeping an area or organism from harm or destruction
  • Acid Rain: Precipitation that has a pit below normal and has an unusually high concentration of sulfuric or nitric acids, chemical pollution.

 

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