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Genetics

Page history last edited by ellenberger_matt@... 1 yr ago

 

  • punnett squares- based on the law of probability
    • YY-homozygous
    • Yy- heterozygous
  • Gregor Mendel's pea experiment:
    • studied the inherited traits of pea plants
    • laws of inheritance(segregation and independent assortment)
    • called the father of genetics
  • pedigree- a diagram that shows relationships among parents and off-spring
  • karyotype- array of chromosomes found in an individuals cell at metaphase of mitosis and arranged in homozygous pairs and in order of diminishing size
  • polygenic inheritance- traits are controlled by two or more genes
  • multiple alleles- more than two alleles for a genetic trait
  • incomplete dominance- trait in an individual is intermediate between the phenotype of the individual's two parents because dominant allele can't fully express itself
  • codominance- where both alleles for a gene are fully expressed
  • genetic abnormalities- rare an uncommon version of a trait   ex. 6 toes
  • syndromes- recognized set of symptoms that categorize a disorder   ex. down syndrome
  • genetic disease- inherited genes alter or disrupt bodily functions   ex. Huntington’s disease
  • most genetic disorders CANNOT be cured
  • autosomo recessive:
    • sickle cell anemia
    • cystic fibrosis
    • PKU
    • Tay-Sachs Disease
    • Progeria
  • sex linked:
    • hemophilia
    • color blindness
    • Duchene muscular dystrophy
  • autosomo dominant:
    • Huntington’s disease
  • chromosomo mutation:
    • fragile x syndrome
    • cri-du chat syndrome
    • down syndrome
    • turner syndrome
    • klinefeiter syndrome
  • DNA scientists:
    • Krick and Watson-secret of life and double helix
    • Wlikins- structure of DNA and crystallite photography
    • Pauling-3D hemoglobin protein
    • Franklin- Crystallography
  • Nucleotide: contains a phosphate, sugar and nitrogen base
  • Replication (occurs during interphase of mitosis)
    1.   enzymes unzip-  ex. zipper unzips into 2 strands
    2.  nucleotides bond to original strands -  ex. 1 original and 1 new strand
    3. another enzyme makes new bonds-  ex. same genetic material (photocopy)
  • A  BONDS TO T
  • G BONDS TO C
  • mRNA: messenger RNA
  • tRNA: transfer RNA
  • rRNA: ribosomal RNA
  • DNA:
    • deoxyribose sugar
    • 2 strands
    • adenine
    • guanine
    • cytosine
    • thymine
  • RNA: 
    • ribose sugar
    • 1 strand
    • adenine
    • guanine
    • cytosine
    • uracil
  • transcription-making RNA from DNA
  • translation- making proteins from RNA (converting genetic information of nitrogen bases into appropriate amino acids
  • codon-three nucleotide sequence located on mRNA, each corresponds to an anti codon, which corresponds to an amino acid
  • genetic code:
    • developed from a sequence of nitrogen bases on the strand of DNA molecule
  • mutation: a change in a DNA sequence
    • Gene Mutations (gene alterations)
      • point mutations - a single nucleotide is changed
      • frame shift mutations - entire nucleotide sequence is changed by adding or deleting a single base
    • Chromosomal Mutations (gene rearrangements)
      • deletion - part of chromosome is left out
      • insertion - part of a chromatid breaks off and reattaches to it's sister chromatid
      • inversion - part of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches backwards
      • translocation - part of one chromosome breaks off and is added to a different chromosome
    • Nondisjunction (failure of homologous chromosomes to separate normally during meiosis)
      • trisomy - extra chromosome is created (Down Syndrome  extra 21st chromosome)
      • monosomy - loss of a chromosome (Turner Syndrome  missing X chromosome in sex chromosome)
      • polyploidy - extra set of chromosome (92 chromosomes not 46)
  • genetic engineering: the transfer of genes between different organisms producing recombinant DNA technonlgy
    1. Cutting DNA
      • restriction enzymes
      • vector
    2. Making Recombinant DNA
      • fragments form an organism are combined with fragments from the vector
    3. Cloning
      • copies of the genetically identical recombinant are created
    4. Screening
      • cells are chosen that contain the gene of interest
  • Human Application of Genetic Engineering:
    • Human Genome Project - a project that identified the genes and the entire sequence of DNA base paris that make up the human genome
    • Genetically Engineered Drugs and Vaccines
    • DNA Technologies
    • DNA Fingerprinting
    • Genetic Engineering in Agriculture

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